AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVES AND ECONOMY

This study empirically and comparatively analyses the insurance companies’ investment portfolios and their contributions to economic growth in Nigeria. The study covers the period from 1980 to 2025. It employs Unit root, Co-integration and Error Correction Model techniques in analyzing the secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The results indicate that the time series data are stationary and prevalence of a significant long run relationship between various proxies of insurance companies. Investment portfolio and economic growth proxied by gross domestic product. Specifically, the results provide evidence that Insurance sector’s investment in Stocks and Bonds (STB), Real Estate and Mortgage (REM) as well as Cash and Bank Deposit (CBD) are all significant in explaining variations in gross domestic product (GDP), the dependent variable. On the other hand, however, insurance sector’s investment in Government Securities (GSE), shows insignificant relationship with the dependent variable, gross domestic product. This implies that investment portfolios of insurance companies have varied contribution to economic growth in Nigeria within the period under study. Consequently, the study recommends among others that insurance companies in Nigeria should increase their investments on government securities, real estate and mortgage, policy and other loans, as well as cash at hand and deposits for more feasible contribution to the economic growth in Nigeria.

This study examined the effect of port infrastructural development on cargo delivery efficiency at Tin Can Island Port, Nigeria, using a quantitative survey design based on primary data collected with a structured fourpoint Likertscale questionnaire. Andrew Fisher’s formula produced an initial sample size of 384.16, which, after finite population correction, was adjusted to approximately 278 respondents, ensuring adequate power for statistical analysis and feasible field administration. The regression results at a 95 percent confidence level show a strong relationship between infrastructural development and cargo delivery efficiency, with correlation coefficients up to R = 0.852, coefficients of determination R2 = 0.726 and adjusted R2 = 0.722. The key infrastructure predictors; berth/equipping facilities, cargohandling equipment, storage infrastructure and power/ICT systems, exhibiting positive, statistically significant effects at p < 0.001. Berth/equipping facilities consistently emerged as the most influential predictor, followed by cargohandling equipment, power/ICT and storage infrastructure, indicating that physical and mechanical constraints are critical drivers of efficiency outcomes. The study concludes that comprehensive infrastructural upgrading is an evidencebased core strategy for improving cargo throughput, vessel turnaround time and overall delivery performance at Tin Can Island Port, but that residual variance points to the need for complementary operational and regulatory reforms. It recommends phased berth rehabilitation and equipment modernization, investments in reliable power and integrated ICT platforms, and process reengineering of clearance, labour practices and hinterland connectivity to secure sustainable, systemwide efficiency gains

This study examined the relationship between leadership humility and employee performance in deposit money banks in Nigeria. Leadership behaviors that increase staff productivity have become essential to organizational success as the banking sector continues to face growing competition, technological change, and increased client demands. The study examined the relationship between employee performance as determined by task performance and contextual performance and the three elements of leadership humility: self-awareness, appreciation of others, and teachability. A quantitative cross-sectional survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from employees and management staff of selected deposit money banks in Nigeria using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that leadership humility has a significant positive relationship with employee performance. Specifically, self-awareness enhanced employee trust, accountability, and job effectiveness; appreciation of others emerged as the strongest predictor of employee performance by improving motivation, commitment, and recognition; while teachability significantly promoted collaboration, continuous learning, and knowledge sharing among employees. The study concludes that leadership humility is an important determinant of employee performance in deposit money banks, as leaders who demonstrate humility create supportive work environments that encourage higher levels of task and contextual performance. The study recommends that deposit money banks should incorporate leadership humility into leadership development programmes, strengthen employee recognition practices, encourage continuous learning among leaders, and integrate humble leadership behaviours into leadership selection and performance evaluation systems to improve employee effectiveness and organizational performance.

The study investigated globalization challenges on organizational sustainability of multinational corporation (MNC) in South-South, Nigeria. The specific objectives are to ascertain the effect of political decisions and disruptions on the operational strategies, determine the effect of economic developments on efficiency. The research design used in the study was a survey design. The researcher adopted primary source of data. The total population of the study was eighty thousand seven hundred and twenty-four (8724) respondents from the selected study areas. The sample size of the study was five hundred and sixty-one (561) derived from Godden formula. Simple random sampling technique was used in this study. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression model were used to test the hypotheses of the study. A total of five hundred and sixty-one (561) copies of questionnaire was administered to the selected Multinational firms in South-South, Nigeria, during the collection of the administered questionnaire, forty-nine (49) copies questionnaires were wrongly filled, misplaced, void and discarded with a percentage rate of 8.6%, while the questionnaire retrieved was five hundred and twelve (512) with a percentage ratio of 91.4% that aided the study. The findings of the study stated that there is a significant relationship between political decisions and disruptions on operational strategies of multinational corporation (MNCs) in South-South, Nigeria. Economic developments does significantly influence efficiency of multinational of corporation (MNCs) in South-South, Nigeria. In conclusion, if political decisions are flexible and eschew selfish interest, it will be of great benefit to tackle challenges facing the global market and multinational firms. However, the challenge for the stakeholders in the Nigerian context is to synergize and ensure the viability of the business environment for both multinational corporations and local businesses. The study recommended that Government and politicians should continually influence favorable decisions and policies for the expansion of international business to aid global entrepreneurs develop nations making ethical communication competence inevitably.

Sustainability initiatives in Nigeria have emerged in response to environmental challenges and the global call for sustainable development. The integration of green accounting into resource management practices is crucial for assessing the environmental impacts of corporate activities, identifying avenues for cost-effective innovations, and improving sustainability reporting. The objective of this investigation is to elucidate how green accounting and sustainability practices facilitate the enhancement of innovation concerning resource management from an accounting standpoint. This research employs an ex-post facto research design of 16 listed firms on the Nigerian exchange group for 11 years periods using the purposive sampling technique. The two formulated hypotheses were tested using the regression analysis. The result shows that green accounting (GA) exerts a positive influence on innovation in resource management (IRM) and that Green accounting effect on sustainability practices is of high statistical significance. The study concludes that green accounting practices have the potential to assist organizations in recognizing and managing environmental costs and benefits, thereby fostering innovation in resource management. It was recommended among others that firms should dedicate efforts towards continuous investment and the generation of innovative ideas in the realm of resource management practices.

Service convenience is a good instrument that can be used to improve consumer behaviour in all companies. As a result, the study main objective is to examine the influence of service convenience on consumer behaviour in Osun Mall Osogbo, and other specific objectives are to examine the influence of access convenience on consumer behaviour in Osun Mall Osogbo, examine the influence of decision convenience on consumer behaviour in Osun Mall Osogbo, examine the influence of transaction convenience on consumer behaviour in Osun Mall Osogbo, Osun State. The study adopted survey research design. The target population for the study comprised of all Mall customers in Osun Mall at Osogbo, Osun state. The total population of Osun Mall customers are undefined due to improper record keeping. Research technique using employed to arrive at a certain number of customers for the total population of the customer. The questionnaire was developed by using Likert five scales which consists of relevant questions on the variables of service convenience and consumer behaviour. The formulated hypotheses were analyzed using simple linear regression. The findings from the study revealed that there is influence of Access convenience on Consumer behaviour with R^2= 0.354(35.4%), Sig. = 0.000. Also, the findings from the study revealed that there is influence of Decision convenience on Consumer behaviour with R^2= 0.280(28%), Sig. = 0.000. Also, the findings from the study revealed that there is influence of Transaction convenience on consumer behaviour with R2 = 0.295(30%), Sig. = 0.000. It was concluded that service convenience, a powerful developmental way of ensuring positive consumer behaviour. It was recommended that there should be improvement on a uniform service which should be provide to customers at their disposal and at a very minimal time in order to have easy access to services. Further, to provide all their information on products should be at an insight to the customer which will enhance their buying decision.

This Study investigated Application of Entrepreneurial Integrity and Performance among Small Meddle Scale Enterprises (SMSEs) in Rivers State, Nigeria. This study examined the problem, purpose and significance of the study. The study was guided by (3) research questions and hypotheses. The study examined entrepreneurial integrity as the independent variable, performance as the dependent variable. The study x-rayed the relationship between independent variable and the dependent variable. Exposure entrepreneurship theory was used. The research design; adopted were descriptive, correlational, cross- sectional survey, non-contrive, quasi - experimental research and macro of unit of analysis. The population of the study was 12,964 SMSEs with a sample size of 390 SMSEs, and stratified random technique was used, structured questionnaire with 4 Likert scale was used as main source of data collection. Test and retest Reliability was used. Content validity was used. Bivariate analysis was used: PPMCC to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level with the help of SPSS. The findings of this study revealed that there was low positive significant relationship between integrity and financial performance. The findings of this study indicated low positive relationship between integrity and market performance. The findings of this study proved that there was low positive significant relationship between integrity and customer satisfaction among SMSEs in Rivers State. The study concluded that entrepreneurial integrity is inevitable for the success of SMSEs. Based on this, the study further recommended that entrepreneurs, managers, employees, parents and society should practice the principles of integrity on their daily activity for the success of SMSEs and society.

This paper examines how entrepreneurial activities can contribute to national development in Nigeria's cashless economy. The paper maintains that enhanced economic growth and development in the recent policy of the cashless economy of Central Bank of Nigeria can be achieved through active entrepreneurial endeavours. The paper concludes that government macroeconomic policies should be re-directed to revamp down turns in the economy in order to foster greater entrepreneurial skills, which in spread national economic development in the current Nigeria's cashless economy. The paper recommends a holistic or balanced approach in infrastructural development to advance entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.

The relevance of an efficient port system is a critical determinant of a country’s achievement of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), Country and Port Level Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (CPLLSCI), and the Logistics Performance Index (LPI). This research provides an empirical assessment of the newly opened Lekki Deep Sea Port (LDSP), a facility constructed under a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) structure between a Chinese consortium of investors, the Nigeria Port Authority (NPA), and the government. The study examined the perceptions of 192 randomly sampled freight forwarders on how the established independent factors of quality of facilities, cost of operations, and the attention paid to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 14 (life below water) predicted their preference for the LDSP. A hierarchical linear regression model was applied to test the derived hypothesis. The results indicate that all the identified independent factors significantly predicted the respondents’ preference for the choice of LDSP. This research underscores the import of a collaborative arrangement between the public and private sectors in the funding, and management of transport projects requiring a huge financial investment. Finally, the study advocates the development of an Integrated Port Management System (IPMS) that will ride on the back of the deployment of automated operation, and Intermodal Transport System (ITS), this will achieve the purpose of having consistent positive indicators such as turnaround time, berth productivity, container dwell time, vessel productivity, port connectivity, safety and security, environmental performance, and resilience a norm rather an exception.

This study examines the relationship between debt management and economic performance in Nigeria from 1986 to 2023, with economic performance proxied by the Economic Performance Index (EPI). This study employed secondary time-series data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the World Bank Report. Expo facto research design was applied and annual financial data was collected from Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics and Central Bank, while economic data was collected from World Bank for the period 1986-2023. The study utilized a Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to study the impact using E-views 10. The findings reveal no significant relationship between foreign debt growth rate and the EPI, highlighting the inefficiency of external borrowing in driving economic outcomes. Similarly, domestic debt growth rate showed an insignificant impact on the EPI, suggesting the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment and resource misallocation. Domestic debt servicing growth rate also demonstrated no significant relationship with the EPI, underscoring inefficiencies in debt repayment mechanisms. Conversely, foreign debt servicing growth rate exhibited a significant positive effect on the EPI, signifying that consistent repayment of external debt enhances economic credibility and facilitates access to international financial resources. However, foreign debt servicing growth rate showed no significant effect on unemployment rate, indicating limited linkages between debt-financed activities and employment generation. The study concludes that while effective debt servicing, particularly for external loans, can bolster economic performance, the broader economic impact of debt in Nigeria requires strategic management, resource optimization, and alignment with development priorities. Recommendations include improving debt utilization efficiency, fostering economic diversification, and enhancing transparency in public debt management.

This study investigates the relationship between compass management specifically strategic direction and competitive position, measured by brand strength, in Nigerian financial institutions, with a focus on Zenith Bank and Keystone Bank. Employing a descriptive survey research design, data were collected from 150 mid- and top-level management employees selected through stratified random sampling across five major banks. A structured Likert-scale questionnaire, validated by experts and demonstrating strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87), served as the primary data collection instrument. The study utilized regression analysis to test the hypothesis that strategic direction positively influences brand strength. Results from the regression model indicate a statistically significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) between strategic direction and brand strength, with an R² value of 0.61, suggesting that 61% of the variance in brand strength is explained by the clarity and consistency of strategic direction. The findings highlight the critical role of compass management in enhancing brand perception and competitive positioning within Nigeria’s banking sector. Zenith Bank, in particular, demonstrated stronger alignment between strategic direction and brand strength compared to Keystone Bank, emphasizing the importance of coherent leadership vision and communication in fostering customer trust and loyalty. This study contributes to the understanding of strategic leadership’s impact on brand equity and offers practical recommendations for financial institutions to reinforce their strategic vision through effective internal communication and alignment of marketing strategies with organizational goals. The study also suggests avenues for future research to explore additional compass management components that may further influence competitive advantage.

The foundation for improved audit quality in financial service firms lies in robust corporate reporting practices. However, as corporate reporting evolves, it becomes essential to examine how these practices influence audit outcomes. This study, therefore, explored the effects of corporate reporting practices namely integrated reporting, adoption of IFRS, and regulatory compliance on the audit quality of listed financial service firms in Nigeria. This study employed an cross-sectional research design, analyzing secondary data from listed financial service firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group from 2014 to 2023. The independent variables examined were integrated reporting (IR), adoption of IFRS (ARS), and regulatory compliance (RC), while audit quality was measured using audit opinion. A binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between these variables, followed by diagnostics such as Multicollinearity and Goodness of-fit-test. The findings indicate that while integrated reporting does not significantly affect audit quality, the adoption of IFRS and regulatory compliance have significant positive effects on audit quality. This highlights the importance of adhering to international standards and regulatory frameworks in promoting higher audit. Reliability and transparency in the financial sector. The study recommends that financial service firms should continue to adopt IFRS and strengthen regulatory compliance, even though integrated reporting may not directly influence audit outcomes. This      research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between corporate reporting practices and audit quality, particularly within the context of Nigeria’s financial service sector.

Information disclosure is supposed to be the channel that connects the shareholders with the managers according to agency assumption. However, this connection is strained when the credibility of the information disclosed by companies becomes questionable, especially when it relates to non-financial information such as; environmental, social, and governance disclosure that are voluntary in a country like Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of information asymmetry on quality of non-financial disclosed by publicly listed companies in Nigeria. The study is quantitative research; so, the longitudinal research design was adopted. The study focused on ten companies listed on the Nigeria Exchange Group purposively selected from the consumer goods sector. Data were collected from the annual reports of the targeted companies, for a coverage period of 2013 to 2022. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and panel data regression analyses. The findings revealed that information asymmetry have positive significant effect on social disclosure of public liability companies in Nigeria. It was also found that its effect on governance was positive but, insignificant. It however also showed significant and positive effect on environmental disclosure. The study concluded that information asymmetry can be reduced when full disclosure of non-financial information particularly the Environmental Social Governance (ESG) disclosure is maintained; thereby leading to reduction in agency problem. The study recommends that companies’ shareholders should glamour for more robust non-financial disclosure to reduce information asymmetry problem and gain global relevance and acceptability for sustainable development.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a staple food crop in Anambra State of Nigeria and could be found in the homes of the higher class, the middle-income earner and the poor. The rice farmers in Anambra state in 2024 rain-fed cropping season were aged (about 46 years) and have been in the farming business for more than 20 years and the youths were not willing to take up rice production as a means of livelihood because they consider it an unprofitable enterprise. This study carried out a gross margin analysis of rice production enterprise in Anambra State in the 2024 rain-fed cropping season as a second-best approach to determine the profit level of the enterprise and it applied Monte Carlo Simulation techniques to estimate the expected average gross margin and its distribution for a typical rice farmer in the state. This study used secondary cross-sectional data which was primarily collected in a survey carried out in eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state during the 2024 rain-fed cropping season by the state’s Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP). The survey design was a multistage stratified sampling design. In the first stage, 8 LGAs out of the 21 LGAs in the state were selected for further sampling. The sample size of 543 was apportioned to the selected LGAs with proportionality to their sizes. In each of the selected LGA, systematic sampling was used to select the desired number of farmers from the sampling frame which was the updated listing of all VCDP beneficiary farmers in the LGA. The data was collated and managed with Microsoft excel spread sheet and statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study computed the frequency of response of categorical variables and the descriptive statistics of the continuous variables. The estimated deterministic value of the gross margin was N 3,201,954.16. On simulating with the monte Carlo technique, after 2000 iterations the resultant expected gross margin was estimated at N 3,236,890 only. The average of the expected gross margin was N3,206,500; the expected minimum was N 767,194; and the expected maximum was N 5,748,844; and the expected class interval was estimated at N 498,165. The constraints identified in the study were: insufficient funds, scarcity and high cost of labour, scarcity and high cost of improved rice seeds, and difficulty of obtaining credit. Some of the recommendations made by the study were: (i) government should subsidize farming inputs like fertilizers and herbicides to reduce the cost burden on farmers and financial institutions should make credit facilities available and affordable to the farmers. (ii) Government should increase the ratio of the number of extension agents to farmers so that the farmers will have more frequent contact with extension agents. 

Oil palm is an important crop in Nigeria and the main products are palm oil and palm kernel. These are used for food and nonfood purposes. The older trees are aging and new ones are not springing up commensurably, thereby creating a supply gap in the industry. Farmers are risk-averse and tend to prefer short gestation crops. There is the need to stimulate local production and substitute for hard currency payments for the imports. This study is aimed at establishing that despite the long gestation period of oil palm, investments in the enterprise was viable and profitable. The objective of the study was to carry out an investment analysis of oil palm production in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The questions guiding the study were whether oil palm production enterprise in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria provided a viable means of livelihood for the farmers specifically: (a) Is the Net Present Value estimated for oil palm enterprise positive? (b) Is the Internal Rate of Return estimated for oil palm production greater than the opportunity cost of capital? (c) Is the Benefit Cost Ratio computed for oil palm production enterprise greater than unity? (d) How robust are the estimated decision ratios and what effect did fluctuations on yield and prices’ level have on the production process? Knowledge of the economic indicators of oil palm production will enable prospective entrepreneurs rank oil palm production properly among other candidate enterprises (for selection) for investment as a means of livelihood. The research design for this study is quantitatively descriptive research design following the investment analysis of the firm. The data used in this study was secondary data which were primarily collected during the Commodity and Enterprise Analysis Survey of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. The data was collated and analysed using Microsoft Excel. It was found out that the base Internal Rate of Return was 35%, and the base Net Present Value was estimated at N5,815,473 and the Benefit Cost Ratio was estimated at 3.4. Since the Internal Rate of Return was greater than the hurdle rate of 14%, and the Net Present Value greater than unity, it was concluded that oil palm production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria is profitable because it could pay back any loan and leave some surplus for the farmer. The estimated Internal Rate of Return was relatively stable and almost insensitive to small changes in yield, output price, total benefits, investment cost and operating costs. It is worthy to note that the annual incremental revenue without the oil palm enterprise was only N 20,960 per annum but with the oil palm enterprise the annual incremental revenue was N 2,227,640. This reaffirms the conclusion that oil palm production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria is profitably viable. The oil palm farmers in the Niger Delta were constrained by the high cost, adulteration non availability of farm inputs especially fertilizers and agrochemicals. Similarly, agricultural loans were not readily available to farmers because commercial banks were risk averse and require expensive collaterals which the farmers could not afford. It is recommended that the government should assist the farmers by enacting policies that would ensure timely provision of unadulterated inputs including land, fertilizers and agrochemicals to the oil palm farmers at affordable prices.